Note: You will need to use XeTeX instead of regular LaTeX.

Installation

You can install it directly:

_$: sudo apt-get install fonts-font-awesome

Alternatively, download it from http://fontawesome.io. Once it is downloaded, extract it and double click in the FontAwesome.otf file. An installation wizard will appear. You must click on the Install button and it will be instaled in your system.

Use in XeTeX

You can install fontawesome along some other fonts by installing the texlive-fonts-extra package:

_$: sudo apt-get install texlive-fonts-extra